Altering existing buildings for new functions is not a new phenomenon. During theRenaissance period, for instance, monuments from ancient times were transformed fornew usages. During the French Revolution (18th century), religious buildings have beenused for industrial functions or military uses after they had been confiscated and sold.In addition, during the last few decades in Western Europe, the task of re-using andenhancing the existing resources has been perceived as central to the task of regeneration.This new wave produced a sense of connection and synergy etween regeneration andconservation efforts. During this period, the role of Historic buildings and structures hasincreasingly become important in many regeneration projects.In recent decade, the strategy of altering the use of old buildings have increasingly beendeveloped in Iran; especially, in Kashan this strategy has abundantly applied.The main objective of this research is to evaluate the impact of implementing thisstrategy on physical regeneration in which 5 criteria were selected for analysis. The studywas based on a descriptive-analytical and survey methods. After reading library resources,data were collected using questionnaires, in-depth interviews and observations and thenwere analyzed.The results demonstrate that reuse of Historic buildings in Historical fabric of Kashaneffectively improve the physical aspects including: increasing repair of Historic buildings,increasing reconstruction and renewal of Historic fabrics, improving the appearance of oldarea, reducing environmental pollution, due to Historical and cultural values and effortsto protect them more.

Conservation-restoration is an empirical science devoted to the preventive and remedial treatment of cultural heritage objects. At a professional level, it can be characterised as a blend of theoretical knowledge and practical skills. Although conservation-restoration originates from the Historical accumulation of the skills of master craftsmen and artists, it has been developed into an academic field during the 20th century, having associations with a wide range of humanities and natural sciences, applied chemistry and physics, as well as analytical, organisational and philosophical elements. Recent studies of conservation-restoration are characterised by interdisciplinary approaches. Despite the discipline’ s academic structure having remained intact, commonalities between conservationrestoration and other disciplines have resulted in further overlaps. Nowadays, multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary researches are developing at the boundaries of the scientific disciplines. In the present paper, boundaries, commonalities and collaborations between the conservation-restoration of monuments and other disciplines such as architecture, civil engineering, archaeology and social science, have been explained. Multi-specialism has its history in disciplines such as agriculture, industry and vocational training in Iran. However, when it comes to restoration, and despite the original multidisciplinary intentions in the design of BA courses in this field, the view towards curriculum is still predominantly single-disciplinary. The discipline’ s isolation from other disciplines of similar nature such as architecture has generated obstacles for a useful teaching. The present study makes use of logical reasoning together with a review of the history of the pedagogy in the discipline from the beginning to the initiation of academic institutions. The main aim of this paper is to offer a correct description of the discipline, which is different from what is considered interdisciplinary or sub-disciplinary. To do so, attempts are made to analyse the curriculum content and its relation with other disciplines with close ties with restoration. The conclusion is that a restoration graduate is of a nature beyond one from architecture, structure, chemistry or sociology, and that this difference must be taken into account for planning the curriculum.

Case studies are frequently used in research in the field of architecture and urban studies and according to the research subjects, some cases are evaluated. However, the role of these cases in the research process and how to extract useful data from them are usually vague and no method is specified in this regard. In fact, researchers usually analyze the cases personally and without the scientific method. The lack of systematic method, on the one hand, diminishes the value of scientific research, and on the other hand, increases the possibility to exercise personal opinion of the researcher on the study, so that two researchers may make two different conclusions about a single case.On the other hand, architectural studies that are going to benefit from past experiences are forced to refer to previous cases and take their positive aspects for further ideas. For this reason, it is essential that proportionate to the research subject, scientifically codified techniques be identified and used in a systematic framework.To respond a need, i.e. how to formulate rules of juxtaposition with sacred monuments, the present study attempts to propose an approach to formulate criteria for future projects through existing cases. The resource constraints, holistic and non-indigenous laws and documents (international charters and recommendations), conflicting views of experts on the conservation and new structures, and the implications of study on valuable Historical monuments indicate that among the available methods, a method that analyses the past cases in a geographic region and extract principles related to that geographic and cultural platform is preferred from all existing methods. The proposed method, “case-based reasoning”, based on a structured model, helps the researcher to analyze cases in a specific process and achieve the expected outcomes. This method can be used for similar researches and makes researchers in the field of architecture and urban planning free from the different attitudes toward same cases.

Aims The defect in the protection, conservation, maintenance, solidification, and restoration of Historic brick buildings of Iran is a performance failure indicator in preserving the authenticity of Iranian architectural heritage in structural interventions. The aim of this study was to decode the seismic stability model of Historic brick buildings of Iran. Instruments & Methods The present descriptive research with survey method was conducted on the community of valuable and stable Iranian Historic monuments; 36 cases were selected by judgmental non-random sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to determine the technical and engineering qualities of the buildings structures. Initially, a design model was developed and, then, modified with experimental data and path analysis aid. The data were analyzed by SPSS 19 software, using exploratory factor analysis and the varimax method in Kaiser standardization and AMOS 15 software with structural equation modeling (SEM) and absolute fit, adaptive fit, parsimonious fit, and regression. Findings Three main high-value factors of 37. 19%, 36. 95%, and 22. 07%, were found with the names of earthquake damage marvelous, affordability of direct seismicity, and indirect seismicity. There was a significant relationship between the destruction potentiality and tremor with the affordability of seismicity resistance of the monuments. Destruction and tremor potentiality had a significant effect on affordability and indirect resistance of seismicity. Conclusion The seismic stability model of Historic brick buildings of Iran is confirmed, in such a way that with the proliferation of destruction potentiality or tremor, the seismic destruction of the buildings is intensified and with the development of direct resistance to earthquakes, the seismic stability of the buildings is intensified. Increasing indirect resistance and, in fact, the dimensional proportions factor, as an intervention, increases seismic stability of the buildings.

In today's world, the issue of partnership with the private sector by governments is a solution to meet public needs. This partnership was pursued in various areas, including the proper protection and use of Historic buildings. In our country, the plan of public-private participation in the field of Historical buildings in recent years-due to the wide and scattered range of Historical buildings in the country-has been considered. One of the participating buildings as a successful example is the Ameri House. Hence, the study is an attempt to identify the concepts involved in the subject of public-private participation in the field of Historical buildings-in particular the Ameri House. To achieve this, a case study method was used. Data collection for further deepening was done in using extensive data tools such as interviewing, viewing and taking notes and reviewing documents. Outputs obtained from multiple data sources were analyzed in Maxqda10 software. Among these, several concepts under the categories of participation mechanism, building characteristics, stakeholders, goals, tasks of each sector, interests of each sector, technological-communication factors, socio-cultural factors, legal-legal factors, financial-economic factors, Environmental factors and political-governmental factors were identified.

Design of a high-rise building is the final result of a complicated process in which a considerable number of elements could have reciprocating effects. Moreover, different factors such as cultural, social and economical ones have certain effect on it. principles and considerations resulted from basic and practical research in the field of architectural design, structural design and urban development (provided the formation and execution. Of necessary policies in other aspects are coordinated) can provide criteria, requirements and constraints for appropriate and desirable usage of high-rise buildings. In general, conditional utilisation of high-rise buildings can be considered as a realistic solution in order to accommodate people and to fulfil other related requirements for appropriate functions in big cities. This research indicates that high-rise buildings can be a suitable solution for criteria, requirements and constraints of a considerable number of functions and the right answer to the needs and necessities of surrounding. The high-rise buildings can be used as residential, commercial and administration complexes. Furthermore, they can accommodate different activities related to each other in one building.The research concludes that the application of simple and regular forms in architectural aesign not only helps the stability of high-rise buildings but it increases the safety factor. Unification in relation to close-by buildings is an effective element in producing desired appearance of high-rise buildings. In order to reach human scale and desirable form of the building, one can produce the depth of sight in the surrounding spot in order to achieve nice relationship between the form and the viewer. The research presents principles of high-rise buildings design. It has been carried out, based on theoretical study, investigation and analysis of previous research in the field, review and consideration of different views on high-rise buildings, field study and analysis of its results based on the different factors such as architectural design, structural design, urban development and environment.

The study's primary aim is to investigate the perception quality and its influencing factors in Iranian Historic buildings. Visitors of different age groups have reported diverse sensations and perceptions when visiting these buildings. The research utilized a qualitative approach, specifically grounded theory, to explore the perception quality within Historic buildings. The methodology involved an extensive literature review, interviews, and observational data collection. Subsequently, the data analysis included open coding, axial coding, selective coding, note-taking, and diagram development. The residential homes and shops in the Gowdal Mosalla neighborhood in Yazd were chosen as the theoretical sample for this study. Additionally, questionnaires were distributed to 42 architects to validate the qualitative research results. The findings indicated that the predominant experience in these buildings was the perception of tranquility associated with architectural principles. Moreover, the results suggested that architectural elements such as symmetry, proportions, and repetition, along with environmental and psychological factors including color and material types, significantly influenced overall perception. According to the findings, these architectural principles are linked to the perceived order of Historic buildings, thereby contributing to the perception of tranquility.

Museums are cultural foundations that display the cultural characteristics of different ethnic groups and nations collectively. Museums have different types from a thematic and structural point of view, with archeological and anthropological museums in the first group and Historical buildings museums in the second group. Historical building museums are created by restoring and changing the use of traditional buildings that one of the ways to bring traditional buildings into the life cycle is to use and protect them. Mazandaran is one of the Historical provinces of Iran where several Historical houses and museums have been built. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the functional challenges facing the museum of Historical houses in Mazandaran. In the present study, three museums have been selected as a case study: The museum of the handicrafts of Sari, the Historical museum of Amol, and the museum of the Ganjineh of Babol. Data collection was done by documentary and field studies. Field studies in this research have been done by designing and distributing a researcher-made questionnaire and collecting the views of experts in the fields of architecture and archeology. The variables and dimensions examined in the questionnaire are the areas of physical structure, protective structure, performance quality and ancillary facilities. SPSS statistical software was used for data processing and descriptive statistics and inferential tests were used for data analysis. The results show that the components of performance quality are in a more favorable condition, but according to their average level, this sector needs a fundamental upgrade. Also, all the criteria related to the physical structure index are in an unfavorable position that this indicates the incompatibility of the physical structure of Historic buildings with the physical structure of standard museums. The reflection of these problems can be obtained from the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of the audience and visitors of the museum. Therefore, the current situation should be improved by relevant institutions such as the Heritage Organization. Keywords: House of Historical Museums, Functional Challenges, Mazandaran. Introduction Museums are the most prominent manifestation and exhibition of human cultural heritage (Lee et.al, 2010: 743). The role of this foundation in showing the cultural characteristics of the destination country and creating spiritual joy in the audience is undeniable. Considering the importance of culture and the preservation of cultural artifacts, adhering to certain standards in the museum is vital. For this reason, along with evolutionary procedure of museums and in order to monitor the accuracy of their critical cultural obligations, Icon approves laws and programs at the international level. The rules of this council, based on the mission of museums, requires this cultural institution to create different sections such as physical structure, protective structure, ancillary facilities and accurate performance (Zahedi et.al 1388; Nafisi, 1391).The creation of these sections and the observance of the related laws are vital in order to perform the most important tasks of the museum, and neglecting them will cause major challenges in carrying out the responsibilities of the museum. Basically in spaces that are constructed as a museum from the beginning actions to comply with museum standards becomes thought. But in some of the current museums around the world, which are the result of the restoration and change of use of Historic buildings, it is impossible to observance all the aforementioned indicators, and this situation will create challenges for the audience and the works of the museum. Historically, with the formation of the International Association of Historical Museums in the 1990s, the tradition of converting Historic houses into museums spread around the world. In Iran, many houses and generally Historical buildings have been also turned into museums after restoration. Due to the cultural richness and abundance of antiquities discovered in Mazandaran, many of these museums have been established as archeological and anthropological museums, its examples are sari`s handicrafts Museum, Amol History Museum, and Babol Ganjineh Museum. Due to the serious mission of museums in the field of culture, the Historical significance of building museums resulting from the restoration and change of use of ancient buildings and, finally, the non-renewability of the antiquities displayed in them, it is very important to find and study the challenges of such museums. Hence, the most fundamental question propounds in the present study is that to what extent do the three selected museums, as examples of museums resulting from the restoration of Historical monuments in Mazandaran, operate in accordance with museum standards and standard museums? And what are the essential challenges of this type of museums? Identified Traces The physical structure of the museum is one of the most basic parts, the observance of the standards of which will contribute to the correct functioning defined by ICOM. Studies show that the criteria of this index are not in a good condition. “Existence of a standard exhibition hall” to display cultural works is one of the most important criteria in the index of the physical structure of museums which in the present study, the average is 2and shows the adverse conditions of the exhibition hall in the researched museums. Also two criteria “assembly rooms” and “audio-visual unit” have earned the average 1. Due to the non-renewable nature of cultural objects, the index of the protective structure of museums is the most important index for the evaluation of museums. Also, according to investigations, approximately 40% of the criteria of this index have been reported adverse in the studied museums, and the remaining 60% are fragile. Another main pillar of the museum is the quality of its work. One of the most important functional tasks of the museum institution functional provide accurate cultural information in a way that create a process chain in the audience in order to conclude about seeing these cultural works. In fact, the performance of museums is the last stage of the specialized responsibility of this institution, which has the greatest impact on the memory of the audience. In this study, approximately 70% of the indicators of this criterion have obtained an average equal to or greater than the desired average, which indicates the optimal quality of museum performance. The quality of the museum’s ancillary facilities is another important indicator that completes the museum’s performance. Although this index is not as relevant as the previous three indicators to the technical structure of museums, but taking them into account, in a way, leads to advertising to visit the museum and the dissemination of culture by the audience. Unfortunately, the criteria of this index are not in a good condition. Although 50% of the criteria of this index are equal to the desired average, but their percentage of desirability is low and they are fragile.   Conclusion Among the four criteria examined, three criteria are adverse and only the criterion of quality of performance of museums has obtained the highest average. Of course, the desirability of those criteria is fragile and needs to be improved. Also, the physical structure index has gained the least utility among the four indices and 100% of its criteria have been reported as unsatisfactory. This indicates the incompatibility of the physical structure of the museum with the physical structure of the mentioned Historical buildings and, accordingly, the imposition of irreparable damage to cultural monuments by this index. Based on the results of the research, the important point in the construction of this type of museum is the appropriateness of the new use with the spaces in the Historical buildings. Failure to observe some structural rules in turning this building into a museum, due to the importance and originality of Historical buildings on the one hand and the non-renewal of antiquities preserved in it on the other hand, will cause irreparable cultural damage.  Because many of these buildings have been created with special uses in the past and its physical structure and other facilities are not appropriate for the museum. In this change of dual-purpose uses, a little tolerance is needed to revive Historic buildings and make cultural use of them.

Problem Statement: Today, the facades of new buildings are among the most important issues in the urban context and especially the Historical-cultural context of any city. Historic houses are one of the valuable architectural treasures that can provide experience for the facades of new buildings. Despite the importance of this issue and the need to achieve the architectural patterns of Historic houses, today there are scattered and few studies are available in this field. The present study seeks to answer how to use the facades of Historic houses in designing the facades of new buildings, by recognizing the pattern of Historic houses in Tabriz. Research objective: In this research, an attempt has been made to raise the awareness of the elements and architectural details of the facades of Historic houses to extract the patterns and methods used in their facades and to provide new patterns for new buildings by taking advantage of the current condition of Historic facades,At the same time, it aims to destroy the field of improper exploitation of the physical capabilities of Historic facades in today’, s conventional facades. Research method: In this regard, using a descriptive-analytical method, the situation and elements in the facade of the research’, s selected Historic houses were described and interpreted. After gathering the required data from both library and field methods, the components and elements of the Historic houses’,facades were analyzed. Conclusion: The method of applying the patterns and elements obtained from the analysis of the facades of the new buildings is the result of this study.